First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
Kazunori Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David R. Ball, Mislav Baloković, John Barrett, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, W. Boland, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, S. Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Dominique Broguière, Thomas Bronzwaer, Do‐Young Byun, J. E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Chi‐kwan Chan, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Ming‐Tang Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, John Edward Conway, J. M. Cordes, G. Crew, Yuzhu Cui, Jordy Davelaar, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger P Deane, Jessica T. Dempsey, G. Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Ralph P. Eatough, Heino D. Falcke, Vincent L. Fish, Edward B. Fomalont, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman, Per Friberg, Christian M. Fromm, José Luis Gómez, Peter Louis Galison, Charles F. Gammie, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev, C. Goddi, Roman Gold, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, M. H. Hecht, Ronald Hesper, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Huang, David H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, David J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michaël Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Michael D. Johnson, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Tomohisa Kawashima, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Motoki Kino, Jun Yi Koay, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, M. Krämer, Carsten Kramer, T. P. Krichbaum, Cheng‐Yu Kuo, Tod R. Lauer, Sang-Sung Lee, Yan-Rong 彦荣 Li 李, Zhiyuan 志远 Li 李, M. Lindqvist, Kuan Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, Andrei P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, C. J. Lonsdale, Rusen S. Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Jirong 基荣 Mao 毛, Sera Markoff, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, Iván Martí-Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, Karl M. Menten, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, James M. Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika A. Mościbrodzka, Cornelia Müller, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, R. Neri, Chunchong Ni, A. Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Héctor Olivares, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Nimesh Patel, Ue‐Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, Vincent Piétu, R. L. Plambeck, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Ben S. Prather, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Bart Ripperda, Freek Roelofs, Alan E. E. Rogers, Eduardo Ros, Mel Rose, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Alan L. Roy, Chet Ruszczyk, Benjamin R. Ryan, Kazi L. J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles, Mahito Sasada, T. Savolainen, F. Peter Schloerb, Karl-Friedrich Schuster, Lijing Shao, Zhiqiang Q. Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, J. SooHoo Whittier, Fumie Tazaki, Paul Tiede, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torné, Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ilse M. van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jan Wagner, John F. C. Wardle, Jonathan Weintroub, Norbert Wex, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, George N. Wong, Qingwen 庆文 Wu 吴, Ken Young, André Young, Ziri Younsi, Feng 峰 Yuan 袁, Ye-Fei 业飞 Yuan 袁, J. A. Zensus, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, Ziyan Zhu, Juan Carlos Algaba, Alexander Allardi, Rodrigo Amestica, J. Anczarski, U. Bach, Frederick K. Baganoff, Christopher J. Beaudoin, Bradford A. Benson, Ryan M. Berthold, J. Blanchard, R. Blundell, Sandra Bustamente, R. J. Cappallo, Edgar Castillo-Domínguez, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chang, Chung-Chen Chen, Ryan Chilson, Tim C. Chuter, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, Iain M. Coulson, T. M. Crawford, Joseph Crowley, John David, M. Derome, Matt Dexter, Sven Dornbusch, Kevin A. Dudevoir, Sergio A. Dzib, Andreas Eckart, Chris Eckert, Neal R. Erickson, Wendeline B. Everett, Aaron Faber, Joseph Farah, Vernon Fath, Thomas W. Folkers, David C. Forbes, Robert W. Freund, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, David Michel Gale, Feng Gao, Gertie Geertsema, David A. Graham, Christopher H. Greer, Ronald Grosslein, Frédéric Gueth, Daryl Haggard, N. W. Halverson, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Han, H. Jinchi, Yutaka Hasegawa, J. W. Henning, A. Hernández-Gómez, Rubén Herrero-Illana, S. Heyminck, Akihiko Hirota, James Hoge, Yau-De Huang, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Homin Jiang, A. Kamble, Ryan Keisler, Kimihiro Kimura, Yusuke Kono, Derek Y. Kubo, John T. Kuroda, Richard Lacasse, Robert A. Laing, Erik M. Leitch, Chao-Te Li, L. C.-C. Lin, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Liu, Li-Ming Lu, Ralph G. Marson, Pierre L. Martin-Cocher, Kyle D. Massingill, Callie Matulonis, Martin P. McColl, Stephen R. McWhirter, Hugo Messias, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, Daniel Michalik, Alfredo Montaña, William Montgomerie, Matias Mora-Klein, D. Muders, Andrew Nadolski, Santiago Navarro Fuentes, Joey Neilsen, Chi H. Nguyen, Hiroaki Nishioka, Timothy Norton, Michael A. Nowak, George U. Nystrom, Hideo Ogawa, Peter Oshiro, Tomoaki Oyama, Harriet A. L. Parsons, Scott N. Paine, Juan Penalver, Neil M. Phillips, Michael Poirier, Nicolas Pradel, Rurik A. Primiani, Philippe A. Raffin, Alexandra S. Rahlin, George Reiland, Christophe Risacher, Ignacio Ruiz, Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín, Remi Sassella, P. Schellart, Paul Shaw, Kevin M. Silva, Hotaka Shiokawa, David Robert Smith, William Snow, Kamal Souccar, Don Sousa, T. K. Sridharan, Ranjani Srinivasan, William G. Stahm, Antony A. Stark, Kyle T. Story, Sjoerd T. Timmer, Laura E. Vertatschitsch, Craig A. Walther, Ta-Shun S. Wei, N. Whitehorn, Alan R. Whitney, D. P. Woody, Jan G. A. Wouterloot, Melvin Wright, Paul Yamaguchi, Chen-Yu Yu, Milagros Zeballos, Shuo Zhang, Lucy M Ziurys
The Astrophysical Journal Letters · 2019 · 인용 4.4k
Abstract When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87.
We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≳10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity.
The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10 9 M ⊙ . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei.
They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.